Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Maintains optimal pH in PCR and qPCR buffers to support polymerase activity.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and TE Buffer: Used to prepare TE and lysis/wash buffers for stable DNA/RNA handling and storage.

Gel Electrophoresis: Component for preparing Tris-based running and sample buffers (e.g., Tris-Glycine, Tris-Tricine, TAE/TBE) for DNA and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Buffers chromatography workflows (e.g., ion exchange, affinity) by maintaining pH 8.0 during binding and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides stable pH for restriction digests, ligations, and general enzymatic reactions.

Western Blotting: Used in transfer and wash buffers (e.g., Tris-Glycine, TBST) for efficient protein transfer and membrane processing.

SDS-PAGE Sample and Gel Buffers: Formulates Tris-HCl resolving/stacking gels and Laemmli sample buffer to ensure consistent protein denaturation and separation.

Plasmid Preparation from E. coli: Maintains pH in alkaline lysis and neutralization buffers for high-quality plasmid DNA.