AAV Vector Formulation and Storage: Stabilizes AAV capsids to preserve infectivity and titer during short- and long-term storage and transport.

Freeze–Thaw Protection: Reduces aggregation and loss of activity through repeated freeze–thaw cycles.

Purification and Concentration (UF/DF, TFF): Minimizes shear-induced damage and aggregation during ultrafiltration/diafiltration and tangential flow filtration.

Chromatography and Hold Steps: Maintains capsid integrity during column processing and intermediate holds.

Dilution and Sample Preparation: Preserves particle stability during buffer exchanges and assay setup.

Fill–Finish Excipient: Limits non-specific adsorption to containers and closures during final drug product filling.

Handling and Surface Passivation: Prevents AAV loss from binding to plastics and stainless-steel process surfaces.

Sterile Filtration Compatibility: Helps protect particles during membrane filtration and reduces fouling.

QC and Analytical Assays: Supports consistent performance in assays (e.g., titer, capsid ELISA) by stabilizing particles.

Cold-Chain and Shipping: Enhances resilience to temperature fluctuations during transport.