Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Stock buffer diluted to maintain optimal pH for DNA polymerases and reaction stability.

DNA/RNA Gel Electrophoresis: Component of TAE/TBE buffers for agarose gels, providing stable pH during nucleic acid separation.

Protein Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE): Used in Tris-glycine buffers for stacking/resolving gels and running buffers to ensure consistent pH.

Western Blotting: Included in Tris-glycine transfer buffers to maintain pH during protein transfer to membranes.

Protein Purification: Used to prepare equilibration/wash/elution buffers (e.g., ion exchange, affinity) at defined pH.

Enzyme Assays: Provides controlled pH for enzymatic reactions, improving activity and kinetic reproducibility.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Lysis: Component of Tris-based lysis and TE buffers for cells such as E. coli, protecting DNA/RNA during prep.

DNA/RNA Storage (TE Buffer): Diluted with EDTA to make TE for long-term nucleic acid stabilization at neutral pH.