Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR reactions to maintain optimal pH conditions for enzyme activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Serves as a running and gel buffer component (e.g., Tris-based systems for SDS-PAGE/native PAGE), providing consistent pH for nucleic acid and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Utilized in ion exchange chromatography and affinity workflows to maintain a stable pH during binding, wash, and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a consistent pH for enzymatic reactions, ensuring accurate kinetic measurements.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage: Component of TE and lysis buffers for plasmid DNA prep from E. coli and for long-term DNA/RNA storage at stable pH.

Western Blotting: Used in Tris–glycine transfer and wash buffers to maintain pH during protein transfer and detection.

Cell Lysis and Sample Preparation: Forms the buffering backbone of many lysis, resuspension, and dilution buffers for proteins and nucleic acids.

Immunoassays (e.g., ELISA): Included in coating, blocking, and wash buffers to stabilize antigen–antibody interactions.

pH Adjustment and Buffer Making: 1M Tris-HCl stock is used to rapidly prepare working buffers at pH 8.2 and nearby ranges by mixing with Tris base.

Dialysis and Desalting: Maintains constant pH during buffer exchange of protein and nucleic acid samples.