Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis: Component of TAE/TBE gel and running buffers for DNA/RNA gels, maintaining pH and ionic strength.

PCR and qPCR: Used to prepare and adjust reaction and dilution buffers, ensuring optimal pH for polymerase activity.

Restriction Digests and Ligation: Provides stable pH in enzyme buffers for restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases.

cDNA Synthesis/RT Reactions: Maintains pH during reverse transcription and related enzymatic steps.

Protein Electrophoresis: Used in SDS-PAGE/native PAGE buffers (e.g., Tris-Glycine) for consistent pH during separation.

Western Blotting: Component of transfer and wash buffers (e.g., Tris-Glycine, TBS/TBST) for protein transfer and membrane washing.

Protein Purification: Buffering agent for ion-exchange and affinity chromatography equilibration, wash, and elution steps.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage: Used to make TE buffer (Tris-EDTA) for DNA/RNA resuspension and storage.

Cell Lysis Buffers: Included in lysis and extraction buffers to stabilize pH during cell disruption and protein/DNA recovery.

Plasmid Prep from E. coli: Used in resuspension and neutralization buffers in alkaline lysis workflows.

General Buffer Preparation and pH Adjustment: 1M Tris-HCl stock used to set and maintain pH 8.0 in working solutions.