Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): 1M Tris-HCl is diluted into PCR buffers to maintain optimal pH for thermostable polymerases.

Gel Electrophoresis: Used to prepare TAE/TBE and SDS-PAGE running buffers, providing stable pH for nucleic acid and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Formulates ion-exchange and affinity chromatography buffers to stabilize protein charge and activity during purification.

Enzyme Assays: Supplies consistent pH in assay buffers for accurate kinetics and activity measurements.

DNA/RNA Extraction and TE Buffer: Prepares TE and wash/elution buffers for nucleic acid stabilization and storage.

Western Blotting: Makes TBS/TBST and transfer buffers to preserve antigen–antibody interactions and protein integrity.

Restriction Digestion and Ligation: Provides pH control in reaction buffers for restriction enzymes and DNA ligases.

Cell Lysis and Homogenization: Components of lysis buffers for gentle extraction of proteins and nucleic acids from cells.

qPCR/RT‑qPCR: Buffers formulated with 1M Tris-HCl ensure reliable pH for reverse transcriptases and DNA polymerases.

Plasmid Preparation: Used in resuspension, lysis neutralization, and elution buffers for plasmid isolation from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.