Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR buffer formulations to maintain optimal pH for DNA polymerase activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Component of Tris-based buffers (e.g., TAE/TBE, Tris-Glycine) for DNA/RNA and protein separation with stable pH.

Protein Purification: Employed in ion-exchange and affinity chromatography buffers to control pH during binding and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a stable pH environment for accurate enzymatic kinetics and activity measurements.

Western Blotting and Immunodetection: Used to prepare TBS/TBST for membrane washing, blocking, and antibody dilutions.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage: Used in TE buffer and related formulations to stabilize DNA/RNA.

Cell Lysis and Sample Preparation: Base component in lysis buffers (e.g., RIPA) for protein extraction at controlled pH.

Bacterial Workflows: Included in Tris-based buffers for competent cell preparation and transformations of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae.