Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR and qPCR buffers to maintain optimal pH for polymerase activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Component of TAE/TBE and running buffers for agarose and PAGE, providing stable pH during nucleic acid and protein separation.

Protein Purification: Used to prepare chromatography buffers (e.g., ion exchange) to maintain consistent pH during binding and elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a defined pH environment for enzymatic kinetics and activity measurements.

Western Blotting: Used in Tris-glycine transfer and running buffers to support efficient protein transfer and separation.

Nucleic Acid Handling: Used to prepare TE and related buffers for DNA/RNA extraction, resuspension, and storage.

Immunoassays: Used to make Tris-buffered saline (TBS) and wash buffers for ELISA, Westerns, and antibody-based workflows.

General Buffer Preparation: 1M Tris-HCl stock used for pH adjustment and preparation of working-strength buffers across molecular biology applications.