Nucleic Acid Stabilization and Extraction: Acidic, chelating buffer used to inhibit nucleases and stabilize RNA/DNA during isolation, resuspension, and storage.

Immunohistochemistry Antigen Retrieval: Employed for heat-induced epitope retrieval at acidic pH to unmask antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Protein Purification (Ion-Exchange Chromatography): Serves as a buffering and chelating counterion at pH 4.5 for binding or elution steps in cation/anion exchange workflows.

Immunoprecipitation Elution: Used for mild acidic elution of antibody–antigen complexes from affinity resins without harsh denaturants.

Acidic Enzyme Assays: Provides stable pH 4.5 conditions and metal chelation for enzymes with acidic optima or metal-dependent activity.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization Buffers: Component for preparing citrate-based saline buffers (e.g., SSC) for blotting and in situ hybridization when combined with NaCl and adjusted as needed.