Nucleic Acid Handling: Nuclease-tested 2mM Sodium Citrate (pH 6.5) for DNA/RNA dilution, resuspension, and short-term storage.

Enzyme Assays: Provides gentle buffering at pH 6.5 for enzymatic reactions; citrate chelates trace metals that can affect activity.

Protein Purification: Low-ionic-strength equilibration or wash buffer for anion-exchange chromatography at pH 6.5.

Protein Formulation and Storage: Endotoxin-tested diluent maintaining pH 6.5 for sensitive proteins and antibodies.

Cell Processing: Sterile wash/dilution buffer where mild chelation (2mM citrate) helps reduce cell clumping by limiting divalent cations.

Microbial Suspensions: Preparation of standardized inocula and OD measurements for organisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Dialysis and Desalting: External buffer to maintain pH 6.5 during dialysis of proteins and enzymes.

Ion-Dependent Assays: Control of free Ca2+/Mg2+ via mild citrate chelation in calcium- or magnesium-sensitive workflows.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western): Sample and reagent dilution buffer that preserves antigen–antibody interactions at pH 6.5.

Sample Preparation: Metal-catalyzed oxidation mitigation and pH stabilization for biomolecule handling at low ionic strength.