Antibody Elution (Protein A/G): Acidic elution of bound IgG from Protein A/G affinity resins using 0.1M Sodium Citrate at pH 2.8 to preserve antibody activity.

Antigen Retrieval (IHC/HIER): Heat-induced epitope retrieval for formalin-fixed tissues using 0.1M Sodium Citrate to unmask antigens for improved antibody binding.

Western Blot Stripping: Low-pH stripping of primary/secondary antibodies from membranes to enable reprobing without harsh detergents.

Protein Purification (Ion Exchange): Low-pH conditioning and elution in cation-exchange workflows to alter protein charge states for controlled binding and release.

Immune Complex Dissociation: Acid dissociation of antibody–antigen complexes prior to downstream quantification or re-binding assays.

Virus Inactivation/Acidification: Controlled low-pH treatment of samples to inactivate pH-labile viruses before analysis or disposal.

Enzyme Inactivation/Chelation: Rapid quenching of Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent enzymes via citrate chelation under acidic conditions.

Sample pH Adjustment: Precise acidification of biological and biochemical samples where a sterile, endotoxin-tested buffer is required.

Endotoxin-Sensitive Cell Culture Workflows: Buffering steps in processes where low endotoxin and sterility are critical, including work with recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli.

Chromatography Buffer Preparation: Formulation of stable, low-pH buffers for polishing steps and desalting prior to mass spectrometry or HPLC.