Protein Purification: Equilibration, washing, and elution buffer for ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and affinity chromatography at defined pH.

Enzyme Assays: Maintains stable pH 6.5 for phosphate-compatible enzymatic reactions and kinetic studies.

Protein Storage and Formulation: Stabilizes proteins and antibodies during short- to mid-term storage and handling.

Immunoassays (ELISA): Coating, blocking, and wash steps where phosphate buffering at pH 6.5 is required.

Western Blotting: Antibody dilution and membrane washing to preserve protein integrity and binding conditions.

Sample Dilution and pH Adjustment: Accurate pH control for preparing standards, controls, and analytical samples.

Dialysis and Desalting: Exchange into a defined phosphate buffer for downstream biochemical applications.

Cell Lysis and Extraction: Base buffer for gentle protein extraction protocols compatible with phosphate.

Microbial Culture Media Buffering: pH control in defined or minimal media, including work with Escherichia coli.

Spectrophotometric Analyses: Blank and assay buffer for protein and nucleic acid measurements requiring stable pH.