Protein Purification (IEX/IMAC): Used as equilibration, wash, and elution buffer at pH 6.5 for cation exchange and His-tag purification workflows.

Enzyme Assays and Storage: Maintains stable pH 6.5 for enzymatic reactions and short-term enzyme or protein storage.

Sample Preparation and Dialysis: Employed for buffer exchange, desalting, and sample stabilization prior to downstream analyses.

Protein Crystallography: Serves as a screening buffer component at pH 6.5 for crystallization trials.

Western Blot/ELISA Wash and Dilution: Diluted to working strength for consistent pH during antibody washes and reagent dilutions.

Spectrophotometric Assays: Provides a defined pH environment for UV-Vis and colorimetric protein assays.

Cell and Tissue Lysis: Base buffer for homogenization and recombinant protein prep from Escherichia coli and other Bacillus/Pseudomonas expression systems.

General Laboratory Buffer: Used to prepare working-strength phosphate/Tris buffers by dilution for routine workflows.