Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) Preparation: Base component to formulate PBS and other phosphate buffer systems at defined pH and ionic strength.

Protein Purification: Used as equilibration, wash, and elution buffer in ion-exchange and affinity chromatography (e.g., Ni-NTA) to maintain stable pH.

Enzyme Assays: Provides consistent pH for enzymatic reactions and kinetic studies requiring phosphate buffering.

Gel Electrophoresis (Native PAGE): Serves as a buffering component for native PAGE systems where phosphate buffers are required.

Immunoassays (ELISA): Used to prepare coating, blocking, and wash buffers (e.g., PBS/Tween) for consistent assay performance.

Western Blot Workflows: Used in PBS-based blocking and wash buffers to stabilize proteins and antibodies during blotting.

Cell and Microbial Culture: Buffers media and wash solutions for handling cells and common lab strains of Escherichia coli.

HPLC/FPLC Buffers: Employed as a mobile phase/buffer component for protein and biomolecule separations requiring phosphate.

Dialysis and Desalting: Used as dialysis buffer to maintain pH and ionic conditions while removing small molecules.

Protein Storage and Dilution: Formulates storage and dilution buffers to preserve protein stability at controlled pH.