Antibody Elution (Protein A/G): Low-pH elution of IgG from Protein A/G resins using 100 mM citrate at pH 3.0 to rapidly dissociate Fc interactions.

Anion Exchange Chromatography (Elution/Strip): Reduces protein net negative charge to elute or strip bound species from anion exchangers with 100 mM citrate, pH 3.0.

Low-pH Viral Inactivation: Bioprocess hold for enveloped virus inactivation using sterile 100 mM citrate buffer at pH 3.0.

Acid Dissociation of Protein Complexes: Rapid dissociation of antigen–antibody or receptor–ligand complexes with 100 mM citrate, pH 3.0.

Sample Acidification/Neutralization Quench: Immediate pH drop to stop alkaline reactions or stabilize acid-labile analytes using 100 mM citrate at pH 3.0.

Microbial Acid Tolerance/Survivability Studies: Challenge assays for acid stress on Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes with sterile 100 mM citrate, pH 3.0.

HPLC/UPLC Mobile Phase Buffering: Acts as a volatile-compatible aqueous buffer component at 100 mM, pH 3.0 for retention and peak shape of basic analytes.

Buffer Exchange to Acidic Conditions: Dialysis or diafiltration target buffer for formulations requiring pH 3.0 (100 mM citrate) prior to downstream steps.