Enzyme Assays (Acidic pH): Provides a 100 mM citrate buffer at pH 5.0 ideal for acid-active enzymes (e.g., glycosidases, acid phosphatases) to ensure consistent activity and kinetics.

Cation-Exchange Chromatography: Used as equilibration or elution buffer around pH 5.0 to control protein charge states and improve resolution during purification.

Buffer Exchange and Dialysis: Serves as the target buffer to shift samples to pH 5.0, stabilizing acid-stable biomolecules and preparing them for downstream workflows.

Protein/Formulation Stabilization: 100 mM citrate chelates divalent metals and maintains pH 5.0, helping limit metal-catalyzed oxidation and aggregation in sensitive proteins.

Immunohistochemistry (HIER): Employed for heat-induced epitope retrieval in tissue sections where acidic citrate conditions improve antigen unmasking.

Microbial pH Stress Studies: Adjusts media to pH 5.0 to assess acid tolerance or suppress growth of neutrophiles such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Polysaccharide and Pectinase Workflows: Supports extraction and enzymatic assays of plant polysaccharides that require controlled acidic conditions.

Nanoparticle and Biopolymer Handling: Maintains defined surface charge environments at pH 5.0 to optimize dispersion, stability, and interactions.