Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR reactions to maintain optimal pH conditions for enzyme activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Serves as a running buffer in SDS-PAGE and native PAGE, providing consistent pH for protein separation.

Protein Purification: Utilized in anion exchange chromatography to maintain a stable pH environment during protein elution.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a consistent pH for enzymatic reactions, ensuring accurate kinetic measurements.

Sample Dilution and Reagent Preparation: Acts as a stable pH buffer for preparing standards, controls, and dilutions.

Cell Washing and Resuspension: Maintains physiological pH during washing, pelleting, and resuspending cells.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Used as a coating and dilution buffer to preserve antigen–antibody interactions at controlled pH.

Spectrophotometric Assays: Stabilizes pH for absorbance-based measurements of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites.