Cell and Tissue Washing: Isotonic rinses for removing serum, enzymes, and debris without disrupting cells.

Cell Suspension and Counting: Resuspends cells for viability assays and hemocytometer or automated counting.

Microbial Serial Dilutions and CFU Plating: Prepares accurate dilutions and resuspensions of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other bacteria.

Flow Cytometry: Used as a staining and wash buffer (often with BSA/EDTA added) to maintain cell integrity and reduce nonspecific binding.

ELISA: Serves as a wash buffer and diluent for samples and antibodies to minimize background.

Immunofluorescence/ICC/IHC: Washes cells and tissues between antibody incubations to preserve antigenicity.

Western Blotting: Used as PBS-T (with Tween) for membrane washing and antibody dilution.

Microscopy: Rinses slides and coverslips and dilutes mounting media while maintaining pH and osmolarity.

Protein/Antibody Dilution: Maintains physiological pH and ionic strength for sensitive biomolecules.

Cell Transport and Processing: Short-term buffer for handling, centrifugation, and resuspension steps.

Tissue Dissociation Workflows: Quenches enzymes and washes cells post-digestion to stabilize samples.

General Reagent Preparation: Base buffer for preparing additives (e.g., PBS-T, PBS-BSA) for various assays.