Cell Culture Rinsing: Washes adherent and suspension cells, maintaining isotonic conditions at pH 7.5.

Sample and Reagent Dilution: Dilutes antibodies, enzymes, and proteins while preserving physiological ionic strength.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Used for plate washing and antibody dilution to reduce background.

Western Blotting: Base for wash buffers (e.g., PBS-T) during membrane blocking and probing.

Immunofluorescence/Microscopy: Rinsing and staining buffer for cells and tissues to maintain morphology.

Flow Cytometry: Suspension and wash buffer for cell staining and acquisition.

Cell Dissociation and Counting: Rinses cells before trypsinization and resuspends for hemocytometer counts.

Bead-Based Separations: Washes and resuspends magnetic or agarose beads and bound biomolecules.

Microbiology: Resuspension and washing of Escherichia coli and other bacteria without providing nutrients.

Tissue Rinsing/Transport: Isotonic buffer for rinsing tissues and biopsies during handling and dissection.

Protein Handling/Storage: Buffer for protein dilution, dialysis, and buffer exchange at near-physiological pH.

Chromogenic/Fluorescent Staining: Wash buffer for substrates and dyes to minimize nonspecific binding.