PBS and Wash Buffer Preparation: Used to prepare phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and isotonic wash buffers for cells and tissues.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Serves as a coating, blocking, and wash buffer component to maintain pH during antigen–antibody interactions.

Protein Purification: Employed as equilibration and elution buffer in ion-exchange chromatography and for size-exclusion chromatography equilibration.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a stable pH 7.0 environment for phosphate-compatible enzymatic reactions and kinetic studies.

Dialysis and Desalting: Used as an external buffer to exchange salts and remove small molecules while maintaining protein stability.

Bioconjugation and Labeling: Compatible with amine-reactive chemistries (e.g., NHS-ester biotinylation) where Tris buffers are avoided.

Sample Storage and Stabilization: Maintains neutral pH to preserve protein and nucleic acid integrity during short- to mid-term storage.

Chromatography Mobile Phases: Used to formulate phosphate-based mobile phases for HPLC of proteins and peptides (where compatible with the system).

Cell and Bacterial Resuspension: Utilized for gentle resuspension and washing of mammalian cells and Escherichia coli pellets.

Tissue and Histology Workflows: Serves as a buffering component in fixation, staining, and antigen retrieval protocols requiring neutral pH.