Cell Washing and Maintenance: Isotonic rinse for mammalian cells during culture, passaging, and counting.

Tissue Handling and Transport: Maintains osmotic balance during tissue dissection, transfer, and storage on ice.

Sample Dilution and Reagent Reconstitution: Dilutes proteins, antibodies, and standards while maintaining ionic strength.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western): Used as a wash or dilution buffer base to reduce nonspecific binding.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry: Washes sections and cells between staining steps.

Flow Cytometry: Wash/stain buffer base for cells prior to analysis or sorting.

Protein Purification: Column equilibration, wash, and elution buffer base for affinity and ion-exchange workflows.

Microbial Cell Preparation: Washing/resuspending bacterial pellets (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and serial dilutions.

Nucleic Acid Workflows: Bead washes and general handling steps where a non-chelating buffer is needed.

Microscopy: Rinsing slides and coverslips to remove residual media or stains.

Cell Counting and Viability Assays: Diluent for trypan blue and other counting workflows.

General Laboratory Rinsing: Rinses for instruments, tubing, and containers to remove residual reagents.