Flow Cytometry Staining: Used as a staining and wash buffer to minimize nonspecific antibody binding and maintain cell integrity during acquisition and sorting.

ELISA: Serves as a blocking and sample/antibody diluent to reduce background and improve signal-to-noise.

Western Blotting: Employed as a membrane blocking and antibody incubation buffer to prevent nonspecific protein binding.

Immunofluorescence/Immunohistochemistry: Functions as a blocking and wash buffer to reduce background staining in tissue and cell imaging.

Protein/Antibody Dilution: Acts as a stabilizing diluent that prevents adsorption of proteins and antibodies to plastic or glass surfaces.

Cell Washing/Handling: Provides an isotonic wash that limits cell loss and adhesion to labware during processing and counting.

Bead-Based Assays (e.g., Luminex): Used as a suspension and wash buffer to decrease nonspecific interactions and improve assay precision.

FACS Collection Buffer: Collected fractions are captured in buffer to enhance cell recovery and viability post-sort.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR): Included as a running or sample buffer additive to reduce nonspecific binding on sensor surfaces.

General Wash Buffer: Utilized in routine lab washes where protein stabilization and low nonspecific binding are required.