Cell Culture Washing and Maintenance: Gentle washing of adherent cells and tissues, maintaining cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions during handling.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Wash buffer for fixation, blocking, and antibody incubation steps without disrupting adherent cells.

Flow Cytometry: Base buffer for cell washing and antibody staining, preserving cell integrity and surface epitopes.

ELISA and Western Blot Workflows: Plate and membrane washing, and dilution of antibodies/reagents where isotonic, phosphate-buffered conditions are required.

Sample Dilution and Reagent Reconstitution: Isotonic diluent for cells, proteins, and small molecules compatible with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent processes.

Microscopy and Imaging: Rinsing medium for live or fixed cells and tissues to reduce background and maintain morphology.

Tissue and Organ Rinsing/Transport: Sterile isotonic solution for perfusion and short-term transport of specimens.

Microbiology Workflows: Washing/suspending bacterial cells (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and supporting biofilm and antimicrobial assay rinses.

Instrument and Surface Rinsing: Sterile rinse for tubing, reservoirs, and labware in cell culture and assay setups.

Assay Buffer for Cell-Based Studies: Vehicle for compound/antibody dilution in Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent adhesion and signaling assays.