Cell Culture and Tissue Handling: Rinsing cells and tissues to remove serum, enzymes, or media while maintaining osmolarity and pH.

Immunoassay Washes: Base buffer for ELISA, Western blot (PBS-T), IHC, and IF washing steps to reduce background.

Flow Cytometry: Cell washing and antibody staining buffer to preserve cell integrity and minimize nonspecific binding.

Microscopy and Slide Rinsing: Washing coverslips and slides in ICC/IF workflows to maintain specimen clarity.

Reagent and Antibody Dilution: Diluent for proteins, antibodies, and conjugates to stabilize and maintain pH.

Microbial Suspension and Serial Dilution: Preparing and diluting cultures (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) for plating and counting.

Cell Resuspension and Centrifugation: Resuspending pellets and washing cells in routine workflows.

General Buffering: Maintaining physiological pH in routine laboratory procedures and sample handling.