Cell Culture Washing: Rinses adherent or suspension cells to remove serum and enzymes without disrupting osmotic balance.

Sample Dilution: Dilutes proteins, nucleic acids, and reagents while maintaining isotonicity and near-neutral pH.

Immunoassays (ELISA): Used for plate washing and reagent dilution to reduce nonspecific binding and preserve antigen-antibody interactions.

Western Blotting: Serves as a wash buffer and antibody diluent to minimize background during blot detection.

Flow Cytometry: Suspends and washes cells to maintain viability and minimize cell aggregation during analysis.

Immunofluorescence/IHC: Washes tissues and cells between staining steps to preserve morphology and signal specificity.

Microscopy: Provides a clear, isotonic medium for mounting, washing, and imaging live or fixed cells and tissues.

Cell and Microbial Pellet Washing: Rinses cell pellets to remove media components prior to lysis, extraction, or transformation.

Nucleic Acid and Protein Handling: Resuspends and stores DNA, RNA, or proteins short-term at controlled pH and ionic strength.

Instrument and Surface Rinsing: Rinses tubing, cuvettes, and benchtop surfaces to remove residual reagents between runs.