Cell Culture Rinsing: Isotonic wash to remove serum, enzymes, or media from adherent and suspension cells without lysing.

Cell Pelleting and Resuspension: Maintains osmolarity during centrifugation and gentle resuspension of cell pellets.

Antibody and Reagent Dilution: Base buffer for preparing antibody dilutions and conjugates; commonly used as PBS or PBS-Tween.

Immunostaining (IHC/IF): Wash and dilution buffer for primary/secondary antibodies, reducing background while preserving cell morphology.

Western Blot and ELISA Washes: Used as a wash buffer (often with Tween-20) for blotting and plate-based assays.

Flow Cytometry: Wash and staining buffer for cell labeling and acquisition, compatible with viability dyes.

Microscopy and Slide Work: Rinsing cells/tissues and maintaining pH/osmolarity during imaging workflows.

Microbiology Diluent: Sterile diluent for serial dilutions, CFU plating, and colony picking of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other bacteria.

Tissue and Organ Rinsing: Isotonic buffer for washing excised tissues and maintaining samples during handling/transport.

Cell Counting and Viability Assays: Compatible with hemocytometer counting and dye-based assays (e.g., trypan blue).