Cell Washing (Culture): Isotonic rinse for adherent and suspension cells to remove media, serum, and enzymes without lysing cells.

Sample Dilution: General-purpose diluent for proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids in routine laboratory workflows.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Plate washing and reagent dilution to maintain physiological pH and ionic strength.

Western Blotting: Membrane washing and antibody dilution when using PBS or PBS-Tween systems.

Flow Cytometry/FACS: Cell resuspension and washing to preserve cell integrity during staining and sorting.

Microscopy: Washing fixed cells and tissues and minimizing background during imaging.

Cell Dissociation/Counting: Rinsing cells before trypsinization and preparing cells for counting and viability assays.

Immunofluorescence/Immunostaining: Antibody diluent and wash buffer for fixed-cell and tissue staining workflows.

Tissue Handling: Rinsing and temporary holding of tissue specimens to remove blood and debris.

Bacterial Workflows: Washing and resuspension of bacterial pellets (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) for downstream assays.

Bead-Based Assays: Washing and resuspension of magnetic or agarose beads in immunocapture and purification steps.

General Storage/Transport: Short-term holding buffer for cells and biological samples to maintain osmotic balance.