Cell Culture Washing and Resuspension: Rinses adherent and suspension cells to maintain physiological osmolarity and pH during routine handling.

Tissue and Slide Rinsing (IHC/ICC/IF): Washes tissues and cells during fixation, permeabilization, and staining workflows.

ELISA Plate Washing and Dilutions: Serves as a wash buffer and diluent for samples and antibodies to minimize background.

Western Blot Processing: Used for membrane washing and antibody dilution to preserve protein interactions at neutral pH.

Flow Cytometry: Functions as a staining and wash buffer (often with protein additive) to maintain cell integrity during analysis.

Molecular Biology Dilutions: Dilutes DNA, RNA, and protein samples where a neutral, isotonic phosphate buffer is required.

Microbiology Cell Handling: Washes and resuspends bacterial pellets such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica without altering viability.

Cell Counting and Viability Assays: Provides a consistent medium for hemocytometer counts and dye-based viability tests.

Imaging and Microscopy Prep: Maintains morphology and ionic balance during live or fixed sample imaging.

Preparation of 1X PBS: Diluted 1:10 with water to yield working-strength PBS at pH 7.4 for general laboratory use.