Cell Culture Washes: Isotonic rinsing of adherent and suspension mammalian cells to remove serum, enzymes, and residual media without affecting cell viability.

Immunoassays (ELISA): Wash and dilution buffer for antibodies, antigens, and standards to minimize nonspecific binding.

Western Blotting: Membrane wash buffer and antibody diluent to reduce background during immunodetection.

Flow Cytometry: Cell resuspension and wash buffer to maintain osmolarity and reduce cell clumping during staining and analysis.

Microscopy and Immunofluorescence: Slide and coverslip washing, antibody dilutions, and gentle rinses between staining steps.

Nucleic Acid Workflows: Sample rinses and neutral dilutions where a salt-balanced, phosphate-buffered matrix is required without chelators.

General Sample Dilution: Isotonic diluent for proteins, peptides, and small molecules to maintain pH and ionic strength.

Microbial Workflows: Washing and diluting bacterial cell pellets (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) for downstream assays and plating.

Cell Counting and Viability Assays: Suspends cells for hemocytometer or automated counters and for Trypan Blue exclusion tests.

Tissue and Perfusion Rinses: Isotonic buffer for tissue rinsing, lavage, and perfusion prior to fixation or processing.