Cell Culture Washing: Diluted to 1X for rinsing adherent and suspension cells while maintaining isotonic, physiological pH.

Sample and Reagent Dilution: Used as a 1X diluent for antibodies, enzymes, and standards to ensure consistent ionic strength.

ELISA and Immunoassays: Employed as a 1X wash buffer and diluent to reduce nonspecific binding and maintain pH.

Western Blotting: Used as a 1X wash buffer (e.g., PBS-T) for membrane blocking and antibody incubations.

Flow Cytometry: Serves as a 1X staining and washing buffer to preserve cell integrity and scatter properties.

Microscopy and Immunofluorescence: Provides a 1X wash/rinse buffer for fixed or live-cell imaging without altering morphology.

Tissue Rinsing and Perfusion: Applied as cold 1X PBS for gentle tissue rinses and transport to maintain osmotic balance.

Bacterial Cell Handling: Used as a 1X isotonic buffer for washing and resuspending cells (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus).

Cell Counting and Viability: Utilized at 1X with hemocytometers or automated counters for accurate measurements.

General Laboratory Buffer: Stock 20X PBS (2.7 M NaCl, 54 mM KCl, 86 mM Na2HPO4, 28 mM KH2PO4) diluted to 1X for routine assays and wash steps.