Cell Culture Washing: Gentle rinsing of adherent and suspension cells to remove serum, enzymes, and media while maintaining isotonic conditions.

ELISA Plate Washing: Consistent ionic strength for efficient removal of unbound antibodies and reagents during plate-based immunoassays.

Immunocytochemistry/Immunohistochemistry: Rinsing and antibody dilution to preserve antigen integrity and reduce background during staining workflows.

Flow Cytometry: Cell washing and antibody dilution buffer base to minimize nonspecific interactions and maintain cell viability.

Western Blotting: Wash steps and antibody dilutions to reduce background and maintain protein stability during detection.

Nucleic Acid Workflows: Sample washing and dilution for DNA/RNA prep and PCR setup without introducing chelators or detergents.

Protein Purification: Column equilibration, sample dilution, and buffer exchange/dialysis where a simple saline-phosphate matrix is required.

Microbial Handling: Resuspension and washing of bacterial pellets (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) without nutrient carryover.

Tissue and Organ Rinsing: Isotonic washing to clear blood and debris prior to fixation or processing.

General Reagent Dilution: Preparing standards, controls, and sample dilutions where stable ionic strength (1.35 M NaCl, 27 mM KCl, 43 mM Na₂HPO₄, 14 mM KH₂PO₄ at 10X) and pH 6.5 at 1X are desired.