Cell Culture Washing: Rinses adherent and suspension cells to remove serum, enzymes, and debris while maintaining isotonic conditions.

Antibody and Reagent Dilution: Dilutes antibodies, dyes, and proteins for ELISA, IF, and general assays without altering pH or ionic strength.

ELISA Plate Washing: Serves as a stable wash buffer to reduce background and maintain antigen–antibody interactions.

Western Blot Washing: Used between antibody incubation steps to minimize nonspecific binding.

Flow Cytometry Buffer Base: Forms the isotonic base for staining buffers to preserve cell integrity and scatter properties.

Cell and Tissue Rinsing: Rinses tissues and biopsy samples during dissection and preparation for histology or imaging.

Sample Resuspension: Resuspends cell pellets, beads, and lyophilized proteins for downstream analysis.

Microbiology Washing/Dilution: Washes and dilutes bacterial pellets (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) for plating and CFU assays.

Immunofluorescence/IHC Washes: Provides consistent ionic strength and pH during staining workflows.

Drug/Compound Vehicle: Acts as an inert diluent for dosing solutions and controls in vitro.