Gel Electrophoresis (Bis-Tris/MES Running Buffer): Used as the running buffer for Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE and native PAGE to provide stable pH near 6.1 for protein separation.

Protein Purification (Ion-Exchange Chromatography): Serves as an equilibration and elution buffer in cation or anion exchange workflows where a pH ~6.1 is required for optimal binding/selectivity.

Enzyme Assays: Maintains a consistent mildly acidic pH for enzymes with activity optima near pH 6, improving kinetic accuracy and reproducibility.

EDC/NHS Coupling (Carbodiimide Chemistry): Provides an amine-free buffering environment at pH 4.5–6.1 for efficient carboxyl-to-amine conjugation reactions.

Cell Culture and Bioprocessing: Used to stabilize pH in serum-free or CO₂-independent media and fermentation processes for organisms such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Buffer Exchange and Dialysis: Employed as a target buffer for desalting/dialysis to place proteins or nucleic acids in a defined pH 6.1 environment.

HPLC/FPLC Preparative Workflows: Used as mobile phase or equilibration buffer for protein separations requiring low UV absorbance and minimal metal binding.

Biophysical Analyses (ITC/DSF/DSC): Provides low-interference buffering at pH 6.1 for binding, stability, and thermodynamic measurements.