Blue-White Screening: Distinguishes recombinant from non-recombinant colonies via X-Gal/IPTG–mediated α-complementation in E. coli.

Ampicillin Selection: Selects for E. coli transformants carrying AmpR plasmids.

Cloning and Subcloning: Plates ligation products to identify inserts by blue-white screening in E. coli host strains (e.g., DH5α).

Library Construction: Screens genomic/cDNA libraries for insert-containing clones in E. coli.

Colony Picking and Expansion: Isolates positive white colonies for overnight cultures and plasmid prep.

Colony PCR Screening: Performs rapid insert verification directly from colonies grown on selective plates.

Transformation Efficiency Testing: Quantifies competent E. coli performance using AmpR plasmid controls.

Plasmid Maintenance: Propagates AmpR plasmids with lacZ α MCS in standard E. coli cloning strains.

Replica Plating: Transfers colonies to secondary media while preserving Amp selection and lac-based screening.

Promoter/Lac-Operon Screening: Uses IPTG induction to assess lac-based reporters or insertional inactivation outcomes in E. coli.