Bacterial Culture and Colony Isolation: Routine growth and isolation of non-fastidious bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Antibiotic Selection and Plasmid Maintenance: Selection of transformants and stable propagation of plasmids when supplemented with antibiotics (e.g., ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol).

Transformation Plating: Recovery and plating of competent cells post-transformation to obtain single colonies.

Colony Screening: Blue-white screening of recombinant clones when supplemented with X-gal/IPTG.

CFU Enumeration: Quantification of viable bacterial counts for titers and viability assays.

Clonal Purification: Streaking for single colonies prior to liquid culture inoculation.

Starter Plate Preparation: Maintenance of recombinant strains for protein expression and downstream workflows.

Phage Work (Base Layer): Solid base for soft agar overlays in bacteriophage plaque assays.

Microbial QC and Environmental Monitoring: Culturing isolates in animal-free media for regulated or animal-component–avoiding workflows.

Short-Term Strain Storage: Temporary plate storage of working stocks at 4°C.