Isolated Heart Perfusion (Langendorff/Working Heart): Used as a physiological perfusate for ex vivo cardiac function, coronary flow, and contractility studies under 95% O2/5% CO2.

Vascular Ring and Wire Myography: Maintains ionic balance and pH for assessing vascular tone, endothelial function, and smooth muscle reactivity in aortic and small artery preparations.

Isolated Organ Perfusion (Liver/Kidney/Intestine): Serves as a bicarbonate-buffered perfusion medium for organ viability, transport, and hemodynamic studies.

Tissue Bath Experiments: Supports excised smooth and cardiac muscle preparations for contractility, receptor pharmacology, and ion sensitivity assays.

Cardiac Electrophysiology: Provides stable ionic conditions for action potential, conduction, and arrhythmia studies in heart slices and trabeculae.

Ischemia–Reperfusion Modeling: Enables controlled oxygenation and pH for ex vivo injury/repair studies and cardioprotection screening.

Metabolic Assays: Supplies glucose and ions for measuring substrate utilization, lactate release, and energy metabolism in tissues.

Calcium Imaging and Ion Flux Studies: Supports Ca2+ handling, contractility coupling, and magnesium/potassium-dependent signaling in excitable tissues.

Pharmacology and Toxicology Testing: Acts as a standardized vehicle to evaluate drug effects on tissue function, vascular responses, and cardiac performance.

Tissue Slice Incubation and Respiration: Maintains pH and osmolarity for viability, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial function measurements.