Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR): Standard running buffer for label-free biosensor assays (e.g., Biacore) to maintain ionic strength, chelate divalent cations, and minimize nonspecific binding.

Biomolecular Interaction Analysis: Used for kinetic and affinity studies of antibody–antigen, protein–protein, and receptor–ligand interactions.

Sample Preparation and Dilution: Employed to dilute and condition analytes and ligands prior to sensor chip injection to ensure baseline stability.

Instrument Priming and Chip Conditioning: Used for system equilibration, washes, and carryover reduction between injections in SPR workflows.

ELISA and Immunoassay Washes: Applied as a wash buffer to reduce background and nonspecific adsorption in plate-based assays.

Protein Handling and Short-Term Storage: Helps prevent aggregation and surface adsorption during routine protein manipulation.

Chromatography Support: Utilized as a mobile or equilibration buffer in SEC or affinity workflows when surfactant and EDTA are beneficial to limit nonspecific interactions.

Biophysical Assays: Suitable for DLS, MST, and similar assays requiring controlled ionic strength and reduced surface sticking.