Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR/qPCR): Maintains stable pH for DNA polymerases and primer annealing in PCR and qPCR workflows.

Reverse Transcription (RT-PCR/RT-qPCR): Provides RNase-free buffering for reverse transcriptase activity and RNA integrity.

NGS Library Preparation: Buffers end-repair, A-tailing, and ligation steps to preserve enzyme performance and nucleic acid stability.

Enzyme Assays: Ensures consistent near-physiological pH for kinetic measurements and enzyme stability.

Protein Purification: Used in ion-exchange, affinity, and size-exclusion chromatography buffers to maintain pH during binding and elution.

Cell Culture and Live-Cell Imaging: Stabilizes extracellular pH in HEPES-buffered media and imaging buffers under ambient CO2.

Transfection and Electroporation: Supports pH control in DNA/RNA delivery buffers to enhance cell viability and efficiency.

Flow Cytometry (FACS): Included in staining and sorting buffers (e.g., HEPES-buffered saline) to maintain physiological pH.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western): Maintains pH in coating, wash, and incubation buffers for consistent antigen–antibody interactions.

Virus and Plasmid Workflows: Provides stable pH during viral handling and plasmid prep steps sensitive to pH fluctuations.

Sample Storage and Dialysis: Serves as a neutral pH storage or dialysis buffer to preserve protein and nucleic acid integrity.

General Molecular Biology: Suitable for DNase/RNase-sensitive applications requiring sterile, PCR-grade buffering at pH 7.5.