Cell and Tissue Culture: Buffers media at physiological pH (7.4), stabilizing pH during handling outside CO2 incubators.

Live-Cell Imaging: Maintains stable pH during microscopy and time-lapse imaging in ambient air.

Transfection and Electroporation: Provides a gentle, stable buffering environment that supports cell viability and reagent performance.

Flow Cytometry (FACS) Buffers: Used in staining and sorting buffers to preserve cell integrity and fluorescence.

Enzyme Assays: Supplies a low-temperature-coefficient buffer for consistent enzymatic activity near neutral pH.

Protein Purification: Common in lysis, wash, and elution buffers and for maintaining pH in chromatography workflows.

Membrane Protein and Receptor Studies: Supports physiological ionic conditions for functional assays.

Electrophysiology and Ion Channel Work: Stabilizes extracellular and intracellular solutions at pH 7.4.

Sample Preparation and Storage: Used to formulate dilution and storage buffers for proteins and nucleic acids.

Immunoassays (ELISA/Western workflows): Helps maintain antibody and antigen stability in wash and incubation buffers.