Cell Culture Buffering: Maintains stable extracellular pH in mammalian and insect cell culture media, especially in low-CO2 or CO2-independent conditions.

Live-Cell Imaging: Buffers imaging media to minimize pH shifts during microscopy and time-lapse experiments.

Enzyme Assays: Provides a stable, minimal-interference buffer system for enzymatic kinetics near physiological pH.

Protein Purification: Used in chromatography buffers (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, size exclusion) to preserve protein structure and activity.

Antibody-Based Assays: Buffers ELISA, Western blot wash, and incubation solutions as a Tris alternative to reduce pH drift.

Gel Electrophoresis (Native): Serves as a buffering component in native PAGE systems requiring stable pH near neutrality.

Molecular Biology Reactions: Stabilizes pH in PCR, qPCR, reverse transcription, and ligation mixes to enhance enzyme performance.

Cell Lysis and Extraction Buffers: Included in lysis and resuspension buffers to maintain protein and nucleic acid integrity.

Bacterial and Microbial Media Supplementation: Supplements defined media for organisms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis to improve pH control during growth and induction.

Electrophysiology and Biophysics: Buffers recording and assay solutions where low metal chelation and minimal temperature-dependent pH change are critical.