Western Blotting: Blocks PVDF/nitrocellulose membranes and serves as an antibody diluent to reduce nonspecific binding.

ELISA: Plate blocking and antibody/sample diluent to minimize background signal.

Immunofluorescence/Immunocytochemistry: Blocking solution and antibody diluent for fixed cells and tissue sections.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Reduces nonspecific tissue binding prior to primary/secondary antibody incubation.

Flow Cytometry: Staining buffer to limit Fc-mediated and nonspecific interactions during antibody labeling.

Bead-Based Multiplex Assays: Blocks bead surfaces and dilutes reagents to lower background.

Lateral Flow/Rapid Tests: Conjugate and sample diluent/stabilizer to preserve protein activity and reduce nonspecific adsorption.

Nucleic Acid Blotting: Membrane blocking prior to probe hybridization to suppress nonspecific probe binding.

Protein/Antibody Handling: Stabilizing and carrier buffer to prevent adsorption and loss during storage or dilution.

General Wash Steps: Low-protein-binding wash to decrease background between incubation steps in immunoassays.