Buffer and Media Preparation: Adjusts ionic strength and salinity in Tris/HEPES buffers and microbiological media (e.g., LB, TSB) using 5M Sodium Chloride.

Physiological Saline and Dilutions: Makes 0.85–0.9% saline for cell rinses, serial dilutions, and CFU plating of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Protein Purification (Ion Exchange): Creates salt gradients and high-salt elutions to modulate binding and elute proteins from IEX columns with 5M Sodium Chloride.

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC): Tunes salt concentration to promote binding and controlled elution of proteins.

Protein Solubility and Stabilization: Optimizes ionic strength for “salting-in/salting-out,” minimizing aggregation during handling and storage.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization Buffers: Prepares SSC/SSPE by supplying the NaCl component for stringent DNA/RNA hybridizations.

DNA/RNA Precipitation and Cleanup: Enhances ethanol/isopropanol precipitation of nucleic acids and helps remove polysaccharides/proteins with 5M Sodium Chloride.

Immunoassays and Blotting: Sets NaCl in PBS/TBST/PBST for antibody binding, washing, and blocking in ELISA and Western blots.

Cell and Tissue Osmotic Balance: Adjusts osmolarity in resuspension, wash, and storage buffers to maintain cell integrity.

Protein Crystallography: Controls ionic strength and salinity in crystallization screens to influence nucleation and crystal growth.