Western Blotting: Used as a wash and antibody dilution buffer (as TBS or TBST) to maintain stable pH during blot development.

ELISA: Employed for plate washing and antibody dilution to minimize non-specific binding and preserve antigen–antibody interactions.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC): Serves as a phosphate-free wash buffer for fixed tissues and cells to maintain epitope integrity.

Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry: Used as a staining and wash buffer to maintain physiological ionic strength and pH.

Antibody Diluent and Blocking Buffer Base: Acts as the buffer component (often with Tween-20 and proteins like BSA) to reduce background.

Protein Purification and Affinity Chromatography: Provides a stable Tris–NaCl buffer for column equilibration, washing, and elution when phosphate is undesirable.

General Sample Preparation and Dilution: Maintains 7.4 pH and ionic strength for protein and biomolecule handling.

Bead-Based Assays and Immunoprecipitation: Used for bead washing and antibody–antigen complex handling to minimize nonspecific interactions.