Immunoassay Wash Buffer (ELISA/Western Blot): Removes unbound antibodies and reduces nonspecific binding during washing steps.

Immunofluorescence/IHC Washing: Provides gentle detergent action to clear excess probes/antibodies without harsh membrane disruption.

Bead-Based Assays: Used to wash and dilute magnetic or agarose beads, minimizing nonspecific adsorption.

Nucleic Acid Workflows: Serves as a DNA/RNA resuspension or dilution buffer to limit adsorption to plastics.

Colony PCR Template Prep: Supports crude heat-lysis workflows (e.g., from Escherichia coli) for downstream PCR.

Protein Handling: Used to dilute or store proteins/enzymes while reducing surface adsorption and aggregation.

Microfluidics/Flow-Cell Rinsing: Acts as a wetting/rinse solution to minimize bubble formation and sample sticking.

General Labware Rinse: Employed as a low-foaming wetting agent to improve washing and pipetting consistency.