Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (DNA): Used as a 1X running and gel-casting buffer for separation of DNA fragments with consistent pH and conductivity.

PCR Product Analysis: Enables sizing and purity assessment of amplicons by running PCR products on agarose gels.

Restriction Digest Fragment Analysis: Resolves DNA fragments generated by endonuclease digestion for mapping and verification.

Gel Extraction and DNA Recovery: Supports clean separation for excising DNA bands prior to purification for cloning or sequencing.

Cloning Workflows: Facilitates band isolation for downstream ligation and transformation into Escherichia coli or other hosts.

Southern Blot Preparation: Used for pre-blot electrophoresis and gel equilibration steps prior to nucleic acid transfer.

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE): Employed in certain PFGE protocols to separate large DNA molecules.

Genotyping and DNA Fingerprinting: Applied for sizing microsatellites, RFLPs, and other genetic markers.

Native RNA Electrophoresis: Suitable for non-denaturing separation of RNA when formaldehyde is not required.

Teaching and Training Labs: Standard buffer for routine demonstration of DNA separation and visualization.