Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (DNA): Used as a running and gel-casting buffer for high-resolution separation of DNA fragments.

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (DNA Sequencing): Provides a stable ionic environment for denaturing urea-PAGE in DNA sequencing workflows.

Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE): Employed (typically diluted to 0.5X–1X) for resolving large DNA molecules with consistent buffering capacity.

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) of DNA: Serves as a conductive buffer for nucleic acid analysis in CE systems.

PCR Amplicon Analysis: Enables post-PCR verification of fragment size and integrity during gel runs.

DNA Fragment Isolation/Electroelution: Maintains DNA integrity and pH during recovery from agarose or polyacrylamide gels.

RNA Denaturing PAGE: Supports high-resolution separation of RNA in urea-PAGE for analytical workflows.

Plasmid Prep QC: Used to assess plasmid digests and preparations from Escherichia coli by agarose gel electrophoresis.