His-Tag Affinity Chromatography (IMAC): Used as a high-salt phosphate buffer to reduce nonspecific binding during wash and elution steps.

Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC): Serves as a stabilizing mobile phase to minimize secondary interactions during protein separation.

Hydroxyapatite Chromatography: Functions as a defined phosphate buffer for protein and nucleic acid purification workflows.

Protein Storage and Dilution: Maintains near-neutral pH and ionic strength to stabilize proteins and antibodies.

Dialysis and Buffer Exchange: Provides a controlled, endotoxin-tested buffer for rapid salt/buffer exchange of biomolecules.

ELISA and Western Blot Washes: Used as a high-salt base buffer (with optional surfactant) to minimize nonspecific binding.

LAL/Endotoxin Testing Workflows: Utilized as a low-endotoxin diluent/control buffer in endotoxin-sensitive assays.

Bacterial Protein Prep: Applied as lysis/wash buffer for recombinant protein purification from Escherichia coli.

Nucleic Acid Handling: Supports DNA/RNA cleanup and stabilization steps where phosphate buffering and high salt are beneficial.

General Laboratory Washes: High-salt, sterile buffer for reducing nonspecific surface interactions in binding and capture assays.