Cell Culture Washing: Rinses cells and tissues while maintaining isotonic conditions and pH 7.4.

Cell Resuspension and Counting: Dilutes and resuspends cells for hemocytometer or automated counting.

Antibody and Reagent Dilution: Serves as a base buffer for diluting antibodies and reagents (often with BSA/Tween added).

ELISA and Plate Washing: Washes microplates and dilutes samples/standards for immunoassays.

Flow Cytometry: Used as staining and wash buffer base to preserve cell integrity during acquisition.

Immunofluorescence/IHC Washes: Maintains stable pH during staining and rinse steps on cells and tissue sections.

Western Blot Washes: Functions as a wash buffer (commonly supplemented with Tween-20) between incubation steps.

Tissue and Swab Transport: Provides isotonic medium for short-term transport and processing of specimens.

General Sample Dilution: Dilutes proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes where a neutral phosphate buffer is suitable.

Reagent Reconstitution: Used to reconstitute lyophilized materials and prepare working solutions.