Nucleic Acid Precipitation: Concentrates plasmid DNA and RNA via PEG/NaCl precipitation for cleanup and size selection.

Virus and Bacteriophage Concentration: Precipitates phages and many enveloped/non-enveloped viruses from culture supernatants and wastewater.

Protein Crystallization: Serves as a precipitant in crystallization screens and optimization for protein structure studies.

Molecular Crowding in Cloning: Enhances ligation, Gibson Assembly, and Golden Gate by promoting macromolecular association.

PCR and qPCR Additive: Acts as a crowding agent to improve amplification of GC-rich or low-template targets.

PEG-Mediated Transformation: Facilitates transformation of yeast and bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) and uptake by protoplasts.

Cell Fusion/Hybridoma Production: Promotes fusion of myeloma and B cells to generate hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production.

Phage Display Workflows: Enables PEG/NaCl precipitation for phage rescue, concentration, and titering steps.

Extracellular Vesicle Isolation: Precipitates exosomes and microvesicles from biofluids and cell culture media.

Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning: Forms PEG/salt or PEG/dextran systems for biomolecule and membrane protein separation.