Western Blotting: Washes membranes and dilutes antibodies to reduce nonspecific binding during blot development.

ELISA: Serves as a plate wash buffer between incubation steps to minimize background signal.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry: Used for wash and mild permeabilization steps to improve antibody specificity.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy: Provides low-background washes for fixed samples to enhance signal-to-noise.

Flow Cytometry (fixed/permeabilized cells): Employed as a wash buffer during intracellular staining workflows.

In Situ Hybridization: Applied in post-hybridization wash steps to reduce nonspecific probe binding.

Microarray/Protein Array Processing: Used for wash steps during labeling and hybridization to control nonspecific interactions.

Magnetic/Bead-based Immunoassays: Functions as a wash buffer for capture and detection steps to improve assay specificity.

Blocking and Antibody Diluent: Serves as a base for preparing blocking solutions and antibody dilutions (e.g., with BSA or milk).